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Changing Disease Dynamics
Climate change alters environmental conditions in unpredictable ways which can influence the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Rising water temperatures and other shifts in weather patterns may enable certain fish pathogens to spread more easily. Moreover, as fish farming intensifies through higher stocking densities, greater transboundary trade in live fish, and more stress on cultured stocks, these changes can render populations more vulnerable to outbreaks. Several emergent diseases have already appeared that threaten commercial stocks. For instance, piscine orthoreovirus was linked to largescale salmon losses in Chile and Norway. Koi herpesvirus also caused severe carotenoid disease in common and koi carp globally. As new pathogens emerge and existing ones mutate, fish breeders will require innovative vaccination strategies and solutions to protect their investments and bolster disease resilience in farmed fish populations. The evolving pathogen risk landscape emphasizes the necessity of reliable immunization as a fundamental tool for sustainable aquaculture worldwide.
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